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Question: Discuss about theResearch Methods in Business for Abstract. Answer: Introduction This structured abstract is going to review the theoretical concept of teamwork and organizational performance by examining the research studies of Aram Morgan, and Manzoor, Ullah, Hussain, Ahmad, and Maun, Engstrm, Frantz, Brmberg, Thorn, and Kwasira, Wahome, Mukulu. Brief summary of the theory and progression in the field In a research study that was carried out in 1976 by Aram and Morgan, the researchers proposed that teamwork or collaboration is a vital element in improving an organizational performance. To determine how teamwork impacts organizational performance, the researchers analyse the relationship between individual perception of teamwork and individual technical performance in a research and development laboratory. In this study, Aram and Morgan utilized the partial correlations between varying models of causality between critical elements such as teamwork, need satisfaction, opportunities, individual needs, and technical performance. The two researchers examine how a combination of these different variables contributes towards increased individual performance within a technical lab. Aram and Morgan conclude that the association between increased organizational performance and teamwork is indirect; however, they established that it is the relationship between the various variables that they examined that is a major contributor towards reduced or increased performance within an organization. They concluded that the knowledge-based risk taking contributes to increased performance because it creates opportunities for workers to fulfil their personal needs within the place of work. This is because, in an organization that embraces teamwork, employees know the strengths and weaknesses of one another , and therefore, they are highly likely to take risks that lead to improved performance. Since Aram and Morgans work, teamwork as a factor of organizational performance has received more attention from researchers. Some of the scholars who have studied this subject are Manzoor, Ullah, Hussain, Ahmad, and Maun, Engstrm, Frantz, Brmberg, Thorn, and Kwasira, Wahome, Mukulu who have examined variables team trust, Espirit de Corps, recognition and rewards, conflict resolution, and team based pay. According to Manzoor, Ullah, Hussain, Ahmad, Espirit de Corps, which refers to the team spirit is vital towards the achievement of a common goal and this boost the morale and performance of employees. Trust which is also one of the variables examined by Aram and Morgan is still being examined by present day researcher who also concludes that trust within an organizational setting enhances performance, hence, teamwork is vital for organizational success. Common themes/findings across the four articles A common finding in the four research articles is that teamwork is a major contributing factor towards improved organizational performance. All the researchers established in their findings that collaboration among workers in an organizational setting contributes positively to the improved task outcomes. This is because the members of a team have an in-depth understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each team members. Therefore, during task allocation, an individual is assigned to a task that he or she is most qualified and this results in best outcome. Trust among employees as a major theme that appears in all the four articles. The findings of the studies support the fact that teamwork creates a strong bond among the team members and this contributes to trust among the employees. The researchers established that in the presence of trust, the productivity of individual team members is high, and hence, an increased organizational performance. In the study by Manzoor, Ullah, Hussain, and Ahmad, employs who work in a team places a lot of value on team rewards and recognition. Employees in a team are highly motivated by the rewards that they receive at the end of a task, particularly after an outstanding performance. In this regard, in the presence of huge rewards, members of a team will put more effort in their individual tasks and group projects and this boost project outcome and organizational performance. This is consistent with the findings of Kwasira, Wahome, and Mukulu who examined the role played by pay in organizational teams. These researchers established that when a team of lecturers in a department are promised a pay increment in case of improved performance, all the lecturers work hard to achieve good results. Besides the conceptual article by Aram and Morgan, team spirit is a common theme that emerges repeatedly in three out of the four studies. The other three studies established that in organizations that embrace teamwork, team spirit is normally high and this plays a significant role in the boosting the morale of workers towards the achievement of the set goals and objective. This contributes positively towards the improved outcome within the organization. Different themes/findings across the four articles According to Aram and Morgan, teamwork does not have a direct impact on organizational performance; however, there has to be an intervening factor between teamwork and performance, for example, the need to satisfy personal needs. These researchers established that the presence of opportunity is in itself a motivating factor leading to increased individual performance. Another difference across these four studies in the use of participants, for example, in the study by Maun, Engstrm, Frantz, Brmberg, and Thorn, the researchers used participants who worked at the sight that is being investigated and those who are not affiliated with the place under investigation. This is a major strength of this particular study due to increased internal reliability. However, the other research studies used participants only from the involved organizations under study. Study limitations and how these differ from the various study designs In the study that used the qualitative research method, the study was limited to one health organization, and hence a small sample size was used; therefore, the findings is not representative of the entire sample size. Conversely, the study that utilized the mixed research methods was negatively affected by a small sample size because it relied on one institution Railway Training Institute only. On the other hand, the conceptual article and the quantitative research was limited by the fact that there were more men than women participants in the study. Future research directions proposed in the articles Three out of four of the articles, conceptual article, the qualitative article and the mixed method article do not suggest areas for further research. However, the quantitative article proposes a future in-depth analysis of both private and public organizations to gain insight on factors leading to improved organizational performance. Bibliography list Aram, J. D. Morgan, C. P. 1976, The role of project team collaboration in RD performance, Management science, Vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1127-1137. Kwasira, J. W., Wahome, A., Mukulu, E., 2013, Teamwork and organizational performance: A case study of Railway Training Institute, Nairobi, Proceedings of 1st JKUAT-SHRD Research Conference, 665-749. Manzoor, S. R., Ullah, H., Hussain, M., Ahmad, Z. M. 2011, Effect of teamwork on employee performance, International journal of learning development Vol. 1, no.1, pp. 110-126. Maun, A., Engstrm, M., Frantz, A., Brmberg, E. B., Thorn, J., 2014, Effective teamwork in primary healthcare through a structured patient-sorting system - a qualitative study on staff members conceptions, BMC Family Practice, Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 189-197.